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DEATH OF GÉRARD BERNIS REPRESENTS A COLOSSAL LOSS TO CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC THOUGHT. BERNIS OF BEEN THE TRUE FOUNDER OF THE THEORY OF ADJUSTMENT LATER THAN ASSUMED OTHER LEADERS. YOUR HIGHEST LEVEL REACHED A WORK IN THEIR TREATY ON THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY IT IS SAD TO SAY, WHERE ALMOST UNKNOWN IN BRAZIL SCHOOLS OF ECONOMY IN HAND TO SUPPORT AMERICAN ENOUGH SURFACE, PARTICULARLY IN THIS LITTLE THEMATIC COURSES STUDIED IN OUR ECONOMY. YOUR COOPERATION WITH THE COUNTRIES OF ECONOMISTS THIRD WORLD WAS EXTREMELY LARGE WITH A CENTRAL CONCERN ON THE PROBLEM OF DEVELOPMENT. IN RECENT YEARS IS DEDICATED TO DEVELOPMENT OF A NETWORK CELSO FURTADO ON DEVELOPMENT WITH WHOM THE EMPLOYEE AND EAT OWN CELSO WHICH STILL HAVE A GREAT RELATIONSHIP. The Arthro GUILLÉN ARTICLE AND GREGORIO VIDAL TO POST TO BLOG GIVES AN IDEA OF HOW TO LOSE OUR ECONOMISTS KNOW A WORK SO IMPORTANT THAT IT WAS THE Executor INTELLECTUAL François Perroux, MEST MASTERS IN THIS SAME SUBJECT AND DISCLOSURE THAT MUCH DECREASED IN LATIN AMERICA IN THESE YEARS OF DOMINATION OF THOUGHT ONLY NEOLIBERAL.

READ CAREFULLY AND SEEK THEIR WORK.

Gerard De Bernis (1928-2010), IN MEMORIAM
Arturo Guillén and Gregorio Vidal
Department of Economics University
Metropolitan Unit
Iztapalapa, Mexico.
a big heart and a clear mind ceased to exist on Christmas Eve 2010. After a painful illness that tore their fruitful intellectual life of many decades, the French economist died Gérard Destanne De Bernis victim of an unexpected heart attack.
Gérard de Bernis is undoubtedly one of the most important French economists of the twentieth century. Bye student Maurice and François Perroux - another giant of French economic thought of the century - Marxist and Communist by conviction, De Bernis was a prolific thinker, but also in its scope, a man of action. College student in France in the late forties, was President of National Union of Students and director of student newspaper The Quinzaine. Appointed as Associate Professor at age 25, was assigned to perform in Tunisia, where he participated in the struggles for independence of this former French colony, which led to his being signed by the French government and returned to their country by force.
Unlike many French intellectuals and developed countries, including Marxists - who delight in the Eurocentric, Gérard was always a third world, a true internationalist. He was adviser to several African governments agreed to independence. worked very closely with the revolutionary government in Algiers Boumediene, whose economic strategy had an important influence 1. He maintained ties, among others, governments and unions in Vietnam, Mozambique, Congo-Brazza, Morocco and Iraq. He supported the creation of an independent research center, Arcis, under the dictatorship of Pinochet. He was professor emeritus at the University of Grenoble and President of the Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applied Economics (ISMEA) in Paris, where he succeeded founder François Perroux in 1982, until his illness took him away from that position.
His work is vast and rich, though not widespread, even in his native France. Among his major books and articles are, with Maurice Bye, Relations économique Internationale (1987) 2 of volumes collectively signed by him Groupe de Recherche south Regulations of the capitalist economy (GRREC) entitled Crisis et Regulations 3 and various articles in the series of Regulations Théorie Économie et en la societ journal published by him ISMEA. 4 In Mexico, su is published one book in English, He contemporary capitalism (1988) 5 .
Économiques International Relations This book is the fifth edition of a text created by Maurice Bye. The document was completely rewritten by De Bernis, but as he said in the preface to the work in accordance with Bye's widow, kept her name as a tribute to the intellectual debt he had with his teacher. The 1336 edition added pages, which presents the picture of international economic relations. We present the major theoretical references and describes the general economic equilibrium theory applied to international economic relations. Therefore, we discuss the pure theory international trade and some of its variants and developments and international monetary theory. Only then proceeds to develop an alternative construction, the theory of regulation applied to international economic relations. In this part of the text, once you have given the historical, theoretical contribution is proposed on international economic relations. The central concepts are regulating, productive system, crisis and stability in the process of accumulation. 3
The two volumes entitled Crise et Regulation result discussion and the collective work of a research group created by De Bernis in the late seventies at the University of Grenoble. The texts to be found in these two volumes account for results of research on substantive issues of economic theory. There is a systematic discussion with the key proposals of the orthodox theory. Some of the products of the research work of this group are included in the series on the theory of regulation magazine Economy and Society, published by the ISMEA. In his book on contemporary capitalism published in Mexico includes a text which has a guide for interpreting the regulation of capitalist economies to the point found the theoretical developments on the subject 6. Another chapter is on the theoretical proposition regulation. discussed the general economic equilibrium theory and proposes as an alternative hypothesis regulation 7.
De Bernis was one of the founders of the so-called French school of regulation, which are associated the names of Michel Aglietta and Robert Boyer. Emerged the theory of regulation of a creative reading of the crisis of the seventies, is one of the most original contributions for understanding the "great crisis" of capitalism, along with financial and post-Keynesian theory of long waves.
Unlike Aglietta and Boyer stressed the role of the development and adaptation of institutions in the regulation of capitalism in their contradictions, De Bernis without ignoring the importance of those in long-term evolution of this system , put the emphasis on objective contradictions of the capitalist mode of production, and specific forms are assumed to its development and in each of its phases. In particular, placed in the center of his theorizing in the two laws of profit studied by K. Marx, which are the engine of capitalist accumulation, namely: the law of the falling rate of profit and to balance the rate of profit, or the tendency to form an average gain. For him - and the risk of simplification in the extreme in this 4
brief note thought so rich - the regulation may be understood as the effective linkage of these two laws of profit, that although different and exposed by Marx in separate Capital, obeyed a single process governed by the law of profit maximization. When the joint of these laws was effective, ie when the counter-down of the rate of profit and the formation of the average profit operating properly, the system, de Bernis, was regulated and reproduction of capital flowed steadily . By contrast, when the effectiveness of these counter-tendencies are exhausted, the average rate of profit fell, and opened a fierce competition among the capitalists, which broke the system of distribution of value based on the average profit. At that time the mode of regulation stopped working and displayed a "great crisis", a process of uncertain duration and output, which involved the destruction and restructuring existing production systems.
Bernis We owe to the proposal that the "great crisis", regardless of their specific differences, go through two phases: an initial inflation and the prevailing trends of the national productive systems to turn to the exterior, and a second deflationary and protectionist, where the brunt of the crisis pushed the nation states to fall back into 8. The reality of capitalism in the last four decades validating the richness of your intuition. The late sixties and the decade of the seventies are examples of the predominance of trends to inflation and the outward projection of the economy, while the eighties - with the external debt crisis as a turning point - represent the beginning of a deflationary phase, different from that expressed during the depression years of Thirty - which leads to the financialisation of the economy and increasing instability, as demonstrated by the various financial crises, systemic scope of so-called emerging countries in the nineties, culminating in the crises that erupt in the hegemonic center of the system: the crisis of technology stocks in 2000 - 2001 and the current global crisis, whose origins are in the banking and credit system U.S. starting in 2007. A purpose of the external debt crisis of 1982, wrote what was perhaps his last major scholarly work, a brilliant text 9 which analyzes the origin of the external debt of countries the periphery, its crisis to the inability of these countries to pay, and the traffic caused this crisis to financial globalization and financial systems to no longer based primarily on bank lending, but in securitized financial systems, based on the bond issue .
9 About now the global crisis hit Europe hard, De Bernis anticipated since 1987, the difficulties that now spans the European Union. was as it were, a Eurosceptic. He believed that the euro unlike other major currencies in developed countries (dollar, pound or yen), I had to support production on a national, let alone a state. The then European Economic Community (EEC), not a production system, but it was a national systems integration firm production by transnational corporations and the governments of the region . Since its European leadership, the integration process was born dominated by Germany, the leading power the region. As stated Gérard :
"(...) The Europe of six, nine, ten (even of the twelve), is not a production system. Of course we can describe all the different production systems countries under the general title of European production system. But this is only a formal exercise. We can not reduce the expression of the productive system to the juxtaposition of a number of capacity (...) The notion of production system postulates the notion of coherence , which is self-sectoral consistency in determining income adjustment procedures exist between the structures of production and consumption " 10 .
And in another work highlighted what were the forces that moved the springs of integration: 6
"No - said - firms from Europe who choose to work at the scale of the EEC, major mergers or capital originating in the EEC countries (...) The states had no ideological reasons that eventually to transfer to Europe some of its powers. And because they behaved in this way, there was no no force related to the implementation of a European production system (...) The EU is a grouping of countries of unequal size and power "(De Bernis, 1987, 1199). 11
In other words the difficulties that Europe now exhibits with the crisis are not new, but reveal genuine problems the EU. If not exist, as posed De Bernis, a European production system, can not prevail no one worthy of the European currency name. In a cash-credit economy of production is capitalism, the productive system and currency can not be separated, since they are part of a single structure. The euro is the new name under which expresses the domination of the strongest countries, starting with Germany the leading power group
Gérard de Bernis always maintained a relationship with the academic world in Mexico and Latin America, in line with its vocation Third. He was in Mexico for the first time in 1977, invited by Angel de la Vega, who served as graduate coordinator of the Faculty of Economics National University of Mexico (UNAM). Later, in the first half of the eighties, at the initiative of Arturo Guillén, De Bernis was present, along with other national and international leading academics in two major conferences organized by the Institute of Economic Research of the UNAM, which gave birth to two two books 12. De Bernis contributions focused on the characterization of the crisis and its development. Subsequently, the academic relationship with Mexico Gerard De Bernis was maintained through Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, due to various proposals for Gregorio Vidal. In 1993, the ISMEA jointly by the Department of Economics Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa and the Faculty of Economics Universidad de Guadalajara (University of Guadalajara), organized the symposium 7
International "For a political alternative: a world of work for all" in the instalaiones U of G in Spring, Mexico. Again we had the participation of a large group of scholars. The document presented by De Bernis is undoubtedly of great relevance for the present 13. Discusses the problem of work for all but the only way is wage labor. Consider the problem of technological progress and the need for systematic programs of job creation and prevents on the progress of deflation as part of crisis work. In this context, even in developed economies show high levels of unemployment, even compatible with a certain level of economic growth.
Halfway through the nineties and beyond, thanks to the initiative of Gregorio Vidal, then Director of the Division of Social Sciences and Humanities that our current academic center, they perform various academic activities with the participation of Gerard de Bernis. Features a seminar on the course of the crisis and the situation in Latin America whose main exponent was Gerard de Bernis. In those years he published the number 38 of the Revista Iztapalapa with the overall theme of Economy and Development, which includes a text by Gerard de Bernis on the experiences of some developing countries regarding the accumulation and sustainable development duo 14 . In 1998, Gerard de Bernis received the award for best article published in the Journal Mexican Development Problems. His text is entitled "Can you think of a periodization of economic thought? And, as in other materials, raised discuss the substance of the theory. states:" the impossibility of the theory remain inderente to the real, suggests thinking about the real fundamentals of the theory of evolution " 15. Drawing from other research that has shown that the history of economic thought is not linear, discusses the relationship between the alternating periods of stability and instability in capitalist economies 8 and evolution of economic thought. The regulation is again a central concept in the analysis.
But perhaps the most important legacy that De Bernis left between us, was his initiative to start development of Euro-Latin Study Network Development Celso Furtado (www.redcelsofurtado.edu.mx). Celso Furtado Network provides the product of a meeting of a large group of academics from Latin America and Europe in Paris in February 1998. Institutionally collaborative effort of the Institute of Economic Research, UNAM, at that time directed by Alicia Girón, Department of Economics at the UAM-Iztapalapa and ISMEA. At that meeting, Gerard de Bernis emphasized the notable absence of the study of development in the academic programs of universities in the developing world. But a growing lack of subject in developing countries. Endorsing the idea that globalization and the triumph markets posed the problem of optimal allocation of resources by this mechanism. The development, according to this idea was no longer a matter of the economy. All this constittuia a totally away from the international economic dynamics and change processes that were occurring in developing countries. Recent changes in the global economy emphasized that development is a project and its realization is a matter of certain social forces. A proposal for De Bernis, the Red took the name of Celso Furtado, the prominent Brazilian economist, with whom Gerard had a long friendship and academic relations. Both had in common, have been students of Maurice Bye. Furtado was in France in the late forties doing his doctoral studies and thesis work was directed by Bye. Furtado was present at that meeting and thereafter until his death, he participated in the curriculum promoted by the Network Network With Celso Furtado was created through academic exchange on development issues between European and Latin American scholars have remained attentive to the processes of change taking place in Latin America and the evolution of the global crisis.
The death of Gérard de Bernis is, as stated Theotonio Dos Santos after learning the news, "a great loss to the contemporary economic thought." Hence, the best we can do who knew him, we draw on their 9 teachings is, as proposed by Rolande Borrelly, the closest colleague of Gérard, the message that told us of his death, "to preserve his memory and to live their thinking."
Mexico City, December 2010
1 Véase al respecto G. Bernis "industrializing industries and content of a policy of regional integration" in Applied Economics. T. XIX, N. 3-4, Paris, 1966, ISMEA. 2
2 Mr. Bye and G. Destanne de Bernis. International Economic Relations. Paris, 1987, Dalloz, 5a. edition.
3 GRREC. Crisis and regulation. Collection of Texts, 1979-1983. Grenoble, 1983, Universidad Pierre Mendes France GRREC there. Crisis and Regulation. Collection of texts 1983-1989. Grenoble, 1991, University Pierre Mendes France.
4 G . De Bernis. "On some concepts needed for the theory of regulation", Economies and Societies, Series Theories of regulation , T. XIX, n. 1, Grenoble, 1985 (January), ISMEA, y G. De Bernis. "The contradictions of international financial relations in the crisis," Economy and Society, Series Theories of regulation , T. XX, n. 3, Grenoble, 1988 (mayo), ISMEA.
5 G . de Bernis. Contemporary capitalism. Mexico, 1988, Editorial Nuestro Tiempo.
6 G. De Bernis. "Reading Guide" in Contemporary Capitalism, Mexico, 1988, Editorial Nuestro Tiempo, pp. 17-80
7 De Bernis text is presented on an early version at the Institute of Economics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in January 1977. In 1977 he published G. De Bernis. "Régulation analyze ou dans l'équilibre économique", in L'idée de régulation dans les sciences , sous la direction de G. Gadoffre, A. Lichnerowicz et F. Perroux, Paris, 1977, Maloin, pp. 85-101. The book is the result of presentations at the College de France (Collège de France).
8 G . de Bernis. "Reading Guide" in Contemporary capitalism. Ob. Cit. p. 232. 5
9 G. de Bernis. "De l'urgence of abandonné the dette of peripheries" Economies et Sociétés N. 37, Paris, 2000, ISMEA. No translation into English and Arturo Vidal Gregorio Guillen. "In the urgency to leave the debts of the peripheries Rethinking development theory in the context of globalization. Homenaje a Celso Furtado. Buenos Aires, 2007, CLACSO
10 G . de Bernis. "Reading Guide." Ob. cit. p. 262.
11 G . M. de Bernis and Bye. Relations Économiques Internationales Ob cit. p. 1199.
12 A . Aguilar, P. Boccara and G. Bernis et al. Nature of the current crisis. Mexico, 1986 and G. de Bernis, B. Fine, A. Guillén et al. The current phase of capitalism, Mexico, 1985, Editorial Nuestro Tiempo.
13 The text was reissued recently in: G. De Bernis. "For an alternative policy: Work for everyone everywhere in the World" in Wave Financial, Section Classics, no. 4. Mexico, 2009, Economic Research Institute and Faculty of Economics, UNAM, pp. 191-206.
14 G . De Bernis, "Sustainable development and accumulation: Are South conclusive experiences? In Iztapalapa, Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities , year 16, no. 38, Mexico, 1996, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, pp. 91-128.
15 G . De Bernis. "Can you think of a periodization of economic thought?" Journal Development Problems, vol. 28, no. 110, Mexico, 1997 (July-September), Institute of Economic Research, UNAM, pp. 43-85.