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LETTER ON THE DEATH OF A NOTE EMILIO TERRAZA

Emilio married my cousin Marly in France and ended up coming to Brazil where he had to fight hard for its recognition as a musician and composer. After working for the National Association of Musicians teaching our popular authors to write their songs or even doing it for them, now the University of Piahui, my colleague and friend Elcio mounted as another initiative to transform the north pole in the academic time than it was in the right plan with the school and the school pernambuco bahiana, which left great intellectuals and artists, among others.

Then he ended the University of Brasilia where my colleague and friend Claudio Santoro managed to keep a school of music revolutionary, for which contributed enormously talented pedagogue Emilio. The note of UNB are reprinted below gives an idea of \u200b\u200bits synthetic importance.

For me the journey of Emilio is also and especially the death of a friend bully, always angry, as he formed this great Argentine anarchist philosopher José Ingenieros, delighted with their discoveries with their educational and musical universe so wide from the classics to popular music.

Die conductor and composer Emilio Terraza

Retired Professor, Department of Music and author of dozens of pieces for piano, the musician suffered from emphysema

Ana Lucia Moura - The Department of Communication at UNB

died on Friday, January 14 at age 82 , pianist and composer Emilio Terraza. Author of dozens of piano pieces, string quartets and works for chamber ensemble, the retired professor of the Department of Music, University of Brasilia suffered from pulmonary emphysema. He was hospitalized for over a week in the Intensive Care Unit St. Luke's Hospital in the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, where he lived since 2006.

Before joining UNB in \u200b\u200b1969, Emilio was Terraza alternate director of the University Symphony Orchestra of Rio de Janeiro, professor at the Instituto Villa-Lobos, and organized the Documentation Service of the Association of Musical Musicians from Brazil, where he also served as entity counselor.

Born in Argentina in 1929, the musician remained at UNB until 1972, when more than two hundred teachers have resigned. Resumed academic life at the Federal University of Piaui, where he created and coordinated the Department of Arts and Music Department. In 1975, he returned to UNB, creating and directing the course of Basic Music Shop, first established in Instituto Villa-Lobos. The activity attracted the interest of musicians from Brazil and abroad, why Emilio Terraza was often invited to give lectures.

colleague Emilio Terraza since 1965, Professor Jorge Antunes, Department of Music at the University of Brasília, remember that the discipline "pedagogically opened hundreds of young heads for trial of avant-garde classical." "We held several jobs together as orchestras, chamber groups and participating in discussions enriching aesthetic," he says. He describes Emilio Terraza as "the little man, friendly and talkative, affable friend and electric, the tango virtuoso, composer creative, "and that even after 52 years in Brazil, never dropped the Porteño accent. "He leaves us very homesick," he says.

FRAGILE HEALTH - Emilio Terraza arrived in Brazil in 1958 when he married the Brazilian pianist Marly Terraza, who died in 2006. In Argentina, he studied piano with R. Ehrlich and composition with J. Ficher. In Paris, a scholarship from the governments of Argentina and France, was a student of Toni Aubin. In addition to piano pieces, duos and trios, composed two string quartets and works for chamber ensemble. His Gait Little Children, for orchestra, 1952, was premiered in Rio de Janeiro in 1960.

When he moved to Brasilia for Christmas, now no longer made public appearances. "He smoked a lot and over the years grew to health increasingly fragile, with serious breathing difficulties," says one of three sons, also named Emilio Terraza. "In the last three months, entered and left the hospital several times," she reveals. Emilio describes that arrived with the two brothers to visit his father when doctors reported the death. "Neither came to see him alive," he laments, recalling then the last memory she has of his father playing in public in Pirenópolis.

All texts and photos can be used and reproduced provided the source is acknowledged. Texts: UNB Agency. Photos: name of photographer / agency UNB.

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ABLE TO REMOVE THE STRIPE censoring MY BLOG. WHY WAS UMCAMINHO Bureaucrats and SO NOT GOOGLE HAS GIVEN NO EXPLANATION OF HIS CONDUCT The Autorité SERVICE PEOPLE NOT VERY DEMOCRATIC. TO BE SO.

Theotonio Dos Santos

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GENERAL ASSISTANCE AND Norteamericanos RAIDS IN LATIN AMERICA. PROLOGUE TO THE BOOK OF

Long live Mexico! The Autonomous University Mexico City (UACM), one of the newest creations of this universe that develops academic explosive in Mexico, just published at the end of last year, The Norteamericanos CHRONOLOGY OF ASSISTANCE IN LATIN AMERICA, a book that made history in 1991 when my good friend Gregory Sels and published it back now in the inaugural issue of the Centre of Memory of Gregory Sels that this young university created within a file dedicated to his memory, which is part of a center dedicated to this huge Latin American cultural production that Brazil known from the top of the arrogant ignorance of an intelligentsia that has its eyes on the States United States and Europe.

These intellectuals generally unaware of the violence of the North American and European presence in Latin America and indeed around the world. Gregory Sels is part of a school of thought, research and analysis which occupies a leading position in international journalism. Of recent years, would recommend the book of my friends Moniz Bandeira on North American empire and James D. Cockcroft about the history and U.S. policy in Latin America. Both translated into English and published recently in Cuba. Likewise, my friends Atilio Boron y Andrea Vlahusic made an interesting update Gregorio Selser two dice.

Leiam this news

enviou me um outro meio Argentine and Brazilian friend, Alberto Noah.

Selser, the memoirist

Year 3. Issue No. 141. Sunday January 30, 2011

By Jorge Boccanera

cultura@miradasalsur.com

With the emergence of the monumental work of Gregorio Selser, Chronology of American foreign intervention, as a trigger, Jorge Boccanera gets into the life of one of the best investigative journalists

country

ever admitted that he would have liked to be a poet or a conductor, but his obsession was developed just on the back of those spaces where the imagination coexist with areas of ambiguity and enigma. For Gregorio Selser, born in Buenos Aires in 1922 and died in Mexico in 1991, developed a task based on revealing the hidden, show the reverse of the frame giving way to an exhaustive investigation that places him as a pioneer of journalism history.

The recent publication in Mexico in four volumes and a guide to his monumental work Chronology of American foreign intervention, edited by the Autonomous University of Mexico City (UACM) makes circular unofficial history of the region for nearly three centuries, 1776-1991. This work took the author thirty years of work and is an invaluable source of reference, was updated in the light of social debate. To uncover the secret plot that underlies the political scaffolding of the American continent from a range of pressures that have gone from verbal harassment to direct the work of Selser has points of contact with the revelations of Wikileaks that laid bare the folds of the American government. The linguist Noam Chomsky, who knew the work of Argentine journalist, calling him a "person exceptional "- argues that" current Wikileaks leaks are interesting primarily as clear to us about how the diplomatic service, "a double discourse that reveals" the deep hatred of democracy by our political leaders "and intricacies of diplomacy aimed at supporting the interests of large corporations.

Irene, one of the three daughters of Selser-all working journalists, "says that this contact point is" a informaciónviva, involving the main characters and themes of world politics today, First United States and its diplomatic allies, commercial and military. My father would be like a fish in water, searching until the last line of Wikileaks leaks, and is preparing a book on what has come to light so far. "

In his encyclopedic work, carried out without the means of information that the online journalists working today, integrated into the chronology Selser ... passages from his previous books, among them: The Guatemalazo, Little Army Loco, Nicaragua, Walter Somoza, The Rape of Panama, Reagan, the Falklands El Salvador and Honduras, Republic rented.

must say that this timeline ... in a proper issue poignant illustration on the cover of Ecuadorian painter Guayasamin, includes a DVD that allows interactive searching of content, plus an appendix that serves as a guide for use and have other texts on the subject, including one of the Selser dating from 1990. There, in summarizing the project with a view to possible release, he wrote: "With abundant bibliographical support ... include ... a thorough and timely description, following a strict chronological order, of various events and situations that marked the processes interventionist U.S. hemisphere since early last century to the present. " Specifies that will address "It is not only free and official armed interventions, but also those" political, diplomatic and economic in a range of expressions expansionist, imperialist, hegemonic and neo-colonialist. "

While this sense investigates the behavior of countries like England (removing Malvinas), France and Spain, his work is mostly focused on U.S. policy, a country which, he says, happened in the beginning of an extension of 160 thousand square kilometers have now nearly 9 million 500 thousand square kilometers. Between the two figures half an official speech, at times undisguised and threatening and others in an alleged search for harmony, and always relying on "ethical-moral grounds and / or religious groups" that will set out to fashion a rhetoric over the years as Manifest Destiny, Monroe Doctrine, dollar diplomacy, etc.

lays bare, in short, the fabric of political and economic interests-often associated with both, "the thin fabric manipulation, spying and covert operations underlying each maneuver United States, eager expansionist not hesitate to move from Intrusion economic blockade and covert action to the invasion.

De La Prensa Sandino. Selser journalism career has among its antecedents, the entrance to the newspaper La Prensa in 1955, located in the Public Works and Services section so you do not write policy. In an interview with his daughter Claudia in 1989, said: "Until the last day I worked there in 1975, that was my section, covering train accidents and stuff." Socialist Party, the Uruguayan weekly Marcha correspondent and reporter for news agency Prensa Latina (Special Services Section, headed by Rodolfo Walsh) and then IPS, she said, referring to his powerful memory, "at age nine was a kind of monster my ability to hold the difficult words. He spoke in a language that did not correspond to my age ... And at 15 I had my own library. " This is in parallel with self-taught and work to be done in his youth, including street sweeper.

questioned on the profiles of his father, Irene Selser added to a journalist, essayist, historian and professor, the "humanist": "It was an extraordinarily modest, simple, never humiliated with his knowledge, always surrounded by young students trying to raise awareness from the argument and historical fact. His books are tools for building Latin American identity. "

A Gregorio I met him in 1976 in Panama, during a meeting of Latin American intellectuals convened by General Omar Torrijos, protesting the dictatorship of the continent. We met in Mexico and friendship widened, on my part, was mounted in admiration for his tireless work and his keen analysis. It was in Mexico where he worked in the Chronology ..., published several books and wrote numerous articles published, inter alia, in The Day, Processing and El Financiero. After the return of democracy in Argentina, I asked for a note on Haiti for Crisis magazine and subsequently on drug trafficking in Bolivia published in the journal Contributions in Costa Rica. Perhaps this text, published in 1991, has been one of his last notes. Irene

stresses between the titles of his father, the central place occupied by his first book Sandino, general of free men "contributed, without my father even imagine, as a historical documentary base in 1961, too young Carlos Fonseca Amador intellectual founded the Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional (FSLN), which 18 years later took power in Nicaragua. "

and leaves no doubt of the foundational role of issues such as Guatemala and Sandino: "It was the starting point. When he was asked to explain how not to travel to Nicaragua (it did in 1980) had found Sandino, explained that he found the mythical character while investigating the coup of the CIA against Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala in 1954. The first news he had of Sandino, had, had been a cut in the newspaper. His life is forever linked to the fate of the Nicaraguans, who always have rescued Sandino thanked for their own history. "

Selser file. The publication of this chronology of foreign interventions in America, more than 2,500 pages, was in charge of the Academic Center of Memory of the UACM Americas. The four volumes have a time frame specific -1776-1848, 1849-1898, 1899-1945 and 1946-1990 - each preceded by a prologue by the same researchers Selser and Toussaint Ribot, Andrew Kozel and Pilar Calveiro, respectively. Ana María Sacristán

responsible Camena editorial notes that the chronology ... is the first title in the Library File Selser, who also works at the Centre, which concentrates the many bibliographic records selected, sorted and saved through the years Selser and his wife Marta Ventura. He adds that this work "one of a kind", representative of the methodical work of the Argentine, weaves "a overview of networks and relationships that extend in time and space "to offer" the opportunity to understand the logic and identity consolidation in Latin America. "

"A full-time reporter feverish"

Year 3. Issue No. 141. Sunday January 30, 2011

By Jorge Boccanera

cultura@miradasalsur.com

Irene Selser, international director of mexicanoMilenio daily, linking the human and professional level of his father. He

Gregory spoke of "a feverish writer" ...

"It was, yes, a feverish writer, a writer" feverish full time. " One image that stuck with me is a holiday, we were playing with my sister Claudia to the edge of a lake while he sat in front of us, typed on a table.

- What legacy left him as a person and a journalist?

"His legacy is vast: the love, support, respect their way of being so caring, its work discipline, the sensitivity of poor children, orphans and Jews in the early twentieth century in Argentina. And his tenderness and his aversion to ignorance. A great guy!

"You saw the depth of this Chronology armed ...

" It's the culmination of a life dedicated to understanding the history of Latin America. From the '60s until his death, took the trouble to make a record of relevant data that was on that day.

- Do you think that Gregory came forward to address political issues such as the drug cartels?

"Yes. Now going to reprint cocadólaresreferido The coup of the coup in Bolivia that marks the arrival in that country of the posters, imbricated in power. Almost 30 years later breaks out of the drug crisis in the region, but the origins are there. Neither could understand today the movement of U.S. Tea Party, if we go back to the dual administration of Ronald Reagan, which marks the onset of neoliberalism in the world and its political expression, neo-conservative revolution in America.

Fonte: Look at South

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Alpher VS ROJAS CARVAJAL

Segue Theotonio prologue to or livro dos Santos Rojas Carvajal Alpher, Diretor do Centro de Estudos Socio-Political and da Sulturais Colombia. It is also advisor to Senator Piedad Cordoba, struck down on their political rights on charges of collaborating with the FARC, in an arbitrary and undemocratic act of justice in Colombia. At present the proposed release FARC hostages and five current government intends to demilitarize the zone of delivery to allow them to do the humanitarian act. The court quash the mandate of President Santos?

also follows an exchange of correspondence on the prologue to the author:

LA ANATOMY OF DISASTER LOS

This

libro en un momento is published in which the problem it addresses is on the agenda. Everyone is touched by the increasing natural disasters that take many lives and destroyed entire regions. At the same time, a book by a scholar of social problems, particularly in its political dimension, and a militant of the socio-political struggles of a country full of dramatic social and political clashes.

The book shows how the problems of our time have exacerbated exceptionally in Colombia due to years of painful civil war, which is allied to the negative results of a political settlement of the oligarchies that isolated most its population from the political world. Colombia also experienced the phenomenon of the impressive expansion of the farm growing

PROLOGUE an extremely successful economically because of the dramatic increase of demand in the core countries of the world economy. A commodity of great economic value but terribly destructive social and moral - of cocaine. In a country where a high intellectual level, which is part of the author, is faced with this complex reality, yet without reaching a social support at the level of theoretical and analytical effort.

Alpher's book Rojas Carvajal, Director Corporation Sociopolitical and Cultural Studies of Colombia, is especially surprising for the successful combination of scientific research with a rare literary power.

He begins by presenting a newspaper picture of the 1999 earthquake in the coffee growing region of Colombia. Investigative journalism and deep, with high literary as we got used to admire Gabriel Garcia Marques, our dear Gabo, fine product of the Colombian intellectuals who always surprises us. A description of the dramatic events that lived the most diverse characters of this world so well presented in literature found another side of drama. The drama of an entire region with an extremely rich history which is presented as the terrible process of decay that was decaying in a sea of \u200b\u200bsocial violence and economic and social chaos that anticipates the terrible consequences of natural disaster.

It then enters the historian with an admirable summary of regional history and its national impact begins to make way for a new stage of his book. I wish I lived close to the world of medium owners, heroic leaders, many grassroots, social activists and ideologues and military leaders of the same origin for the intellectually desfrutar details of this construction literary history and the author provides.

This story and we also insert themselves into the world of regional decline that is mixed with the expansion of the cocaine business and (surprisingly for us) of poppy ... and the degradation of social and political environment that produces.

is then that we receive the sociologist and sometimes even the economist who analyzed under the suggestive title of "self-fulfilling prophecy, the impressive capacity of our socio-political structures ignore the results of scientific studies, especially when we announce a disaster gravity of what happened in the cities of the Colombian coffee zone.

Jeice The Japanese mission said in 1989 (ten years before the fatal earthquake) that "Armenia is sitting on a time bomb," Several seismic studies pointed to the occurrence of a major earthquake very strong which should occur within very short. But more seriously, as we know in almost all of Latin America - with the impressive exception of Cuba, considered by the United Nations the most advanced system of disaster prevention throughout the world - the worst thing is not really a natural phenomenon but urban chaos and suburban regions they made also as the disinterest of the authorities to provide combat its effects, which make planning that is not part of the characteristics of dependent capitalism in which we live, especially in recent years under the nefarious influence of neoliberalism.

But researcher and social activist Alpher Rojas Carvajal holds his book with a warning either economically based on the terrible business of "reconstruction" that he can describe in these 11 years after the earthquake. Which can be summarized in the following figure: the public corporation in charge of the reconstruction (FOREC) has driven a budget of U.S. $ 300 million for 17 local governments that had an approved budget for 1998-2001 of $ 18 million. The directors of this fund is administered through outsourcing arrangements, ie the contract private firms to perform the assigned work, not always necessary. The author warns us then for the new process clearly chaotic and corrupt that assumes that, like many others, processes of reconstruction. He holds his book by placing this issue on the global trends of contemporary capitalism.

In this time of serious natural disasters, this book earns particular significance and will surely be of great interest to readers Colombians but also for readers across the continent (including the inhabitants of the southern United States.) Moreover, as we say, your readers will be pleasantly surprised to be given to a dry subject through a very attractive writing style and a world made reflective so seriously.

Theotonio Dos Santos

Correspondência:

From: Alpher Rojas Carvajal

em

Sent: Saturday, Janeiro 29, 2011 16:58

To: Theotonio Dos Santos

Assunto: RE: Theotonio prologue, delivered gratitude for your writing

Dos Santos

Dear Teacher: pleasant greetings.

I am immensely recognized by your letter of introduction to my book "The Naked Citizens," because not only is a site of extraordinary aesthetic quality but rather Biern criteria ordered that let you analyze your usual rigor- scientific problems associated with capitalist globalization that pushed into poverty at least localities thought of the story.

renoverte take this opportunity to the testimony of my gratitude and my feelings of admiration for your intellectual work and hope to keep you informed of the publication process. Friend forever and ever,

red Alpher

P / S. Piedad sends you a big hug of gratitude for your solidarity with their cause. Will write later. ARC

From: Theotonio dos Santos

To: Alpher Rojas

Subject: prologue Theotonio

Date: Sat, 29 Jan 2011 15:36:59 -0200

Dear Alpher

annexed Follow my prologue to your excellent book. Had wanted to work a little more but time does not allow me. If you do not like, descarartalo smoothly. Hugs to you and the Senator. Consider the appeal of its mandate an arbitrary act of righteousness that comes is behaving just as reactionary in Brazil.

Greetings

Theotonio

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DENOUNCES POLITICAL AND IDEOLOGICAL PERSECUTION AGAINST GOOGLE'S MY BLOG. SEND YOUR OPINION TO GOOGLE OR TO MY BLOG.

Caro Leitor:

Você já viu as exhibits uma o meu blog na restrição entry? Try-se, certamente, um case of allegations against a letter Fernando Henrique open to that troubled many fascists.

I can not communicate with Google to demand to withdraw this absurd restriction, a new form of censorship. Can you?

See the letter I sent to them but was not read by them:

Dear Mr.

My blog (theotoniodossantosblogspot.com) is censored with a stripe on your entry accusing him of being restricted to adults, and indicating the reading so as not suitable for minors. I would matter of knowing that my blog falls under this category. I can only conceive of this as censorship of political ideology since my blog takes positions intellectual, scientific and cultural advanced incompatible with certain economic interests, political and social. As was described to me, the behavior of google on anonymous reports made against a blog is to accept them without checking them, it would be a great job doing it. I find this attitude a colossal irresponsibility! Certainly the complaints received by you have come from groups who spread unfounded accusations and even slander against the president-elect, my friend of years, Rousseff. The open letter that I wrote against my former colleague and friend I hope that today Fernando Henrique Cardoso was the object of violent and brutal scraps of ignorant people but also as a professional propagandist who made the campaign of terror against Rousseff. Victim of the Brazilian and Chilean dictatorship, professor emeritus and honorary doctorates from various universities, carrying medals of honor from the Brazilian government and the Chilean government, and several other honors, authored over 40 books published in 20 languages \u200b\u200band more than 40 countries made fools can not accept that this represents tarjeta placed at the entrance of my blog and I will take legal action on the matter is not to withdraw immediately with an apology and a research about what this bold initiative originated from disqualification.

Theotonio Dos Santos

email - theotoni@terra.com.br

blog: theotoniodossantos.blogspot.com

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DEATH OF GÉRARD BERNIS REPRESENTS A COLOSSAL LOSS TO CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC THOUGHT. BERNIS OF BEEN THE TRUE FOUNDER OF THE THEORY OF ADJUSTMENT LATER THAN ASSUMED OTHER LEADERS. YOUR HIGHEST LEVEL REACHED A WORK IN THEIR TREATY ON THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY IT IS SAD TO SAY, WHERE ALMOST UNKNOWN IN BRAZIL SCHOOLS OF ECONOMY IN HAND TO SUPPORT AMERICAN ENOUGH SURFACE, PARTICULARLY IN THIS LITTLE THEMATIC COURSES STUDIED IN OUR ECONOMY. YOUR COOPERATION WITH THE COUNTRIES OF ECONOMISTS THIRD WORLD WAS EXTREMELY LARGE WITH A CENTRAL CONCERN ON THE PROBLEM OF DEVELOPMENT. IN RECENT YEARS IS DEDICATED TO DEVELOPMENT OF A NETWORK CELSO FURTADO ON DEVELOPMENT WITH WHOM THE EMPLOYEE AND EAT OWN CELSO WHICH STILL HAVE A GREAT RELATIONSHIP. The Arthro GUILLÉN ARTICLE AND GREGORIO VIDAL TO POST TO BLOG GIVES AN IDEA OF HOW TO LOSE OUR ECONOMISTS KNOW A WORK SO IMPORTANT THAT IT WAS THE Executor INTELLECTUAL François Perroux, MEST MASTERS IN THIS SAME SUBJECT AND DISCLOSURE THAT MUCH DECREASED IN LATIN AMERICA IN THESE YEARS OF DOMINATION OF THOUGHT ONLY NEOLIBERAL.

READ CAREFULLY AND SEEK THEIR WORK.

Gerard De Bernis (1928-2010), IN MEMORIAM
Arturo Guillén and Gregorio Vidal
Department of Economics University
Metropolitan Unit
Iztapalapa, Mexico.
a big heart and a clear mind ceased to exist on Christmas Eve 2010. After a painful illness that tore their fruitful intellectual life of many decades, the French economist died Gérard Destanne De Bernis victim of an unexpected heart attack.
Gérard de Bernis is undoubtedly one of the most important French economists of the twentieth century. Bye student Maurice and François Perroux - another giant of French economic thought of the century - Marxist and Communist by conviction, De Bernis was a prolific thinker, but also in its scope, a man of action. College student in France in the late forties, was President of National Union of Students and director of student newspaper The Quinzaine. Appointed as Associate Professor at age 25, was assigned to perform in Tunisia, where he participated in the struggles for independence of this former French colony, which led to his being signed by the French government and returned to their country by force.
Unlike many French intellectuals and developed countries, including Marxists - who delight in the Eurocentric, Gérard was always a third world, a true internationalist. He was adviser to several African governments agreed to independence. worked very closely with the revolutionary government in Algiers Boumediene, whose economic strategy had an important influence 1. He maintained ties, among others, governments and unions in Vietnam, Mozambique, Congo-Brazza, Morocco and Iraq. He supported the creation of an independent research center, Arcis, under the dictatorship of Pinochet. He was professor emeritus at the University of Grenoble and President of the Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applied Economics (ISMEA) in Paris, where he succeeded founder François Perroux in 1982, until his illness took him away from that position.
His work is vast and rich, though not widespread, even in his native France. Among his major books and articles are, with Maurice Bye, Relations économique Internationale (1987) 2 of volumes collectively signed by him Groupe de Recherche south Regulations of the capitalist economy (GRREC) entitled Crisis et Regulations 3 and various articles in the series of Regulations Théorie Économie et en la societ journal published by him ISMEA. 4 In Mexico, su is published one book in English, He contemporary capitalism (1988) 5 .
Économiques International Relations This book is the fifth edition of a text created by Maurice Bye. The document was completely rewritten by De Bernis, but as he said in the preface to the work in accordance with Bye's widow, kept her name as a tribute to the intellectual debt he had with his teacher. The 1336 edition added pages, which presents the picture of international economic relations. We present the major theoretical references and describes the general economic equilibrium theory applied to international economic relations. Therefore, we discuss the pure theory international trade and some of its variants and developments and international monetary theory. Only then proceeds to develop an alternative construction, the theory of regulation applied to international economic relations. In this part of the text, once you have given the historical, theoretical contribution is proposed on international economic relations. The central concepts are regulating, productive system, crisis and stability in the process of accumulation. 3
The two volumes entitled Crise et Regulation result discussion and the collective work of a research group created by De Bernis in the late seventies at the University of Grenoble. The texts to be found in these two volumes account for results of research on substantive issues of economic theory. There is a systematic discussion with the key proposals of the orthodox theory. Some of the products of the research work of this group are included in the series on the theory of regulation magazine Economy and Society, published by the ISMEA. In his book on contemporary capitalism published in Mexico includes a text which has a guide for interpreting the regulation of capitalist economies to the point found the theoretical developments on the subject 6. Another chapter is on the theoretical proposition regulation. discussed the general economic equilibrium theory and proposes as an alternative hypothesis regulation 7.
De Bernis was one of the founders of the so-called French school of regulation, which are associated the names of Michel Aglietta and Robert Boyer. Emerged the theory of regulation of a creative reading of the crisis of the seventies, is one of the most original contributions for understanding the "great crisis" of capitalism, along with financial and post-Keynesian theory of long waves.
Unlike Aglietta and Boyer stressed the role of the development and adaptation of institutions in the regulation of capitalism in their contradictions, De Bernis without ignoring the importance of those in long-term evolution of this system , put the emphasis on objective contradictions of the capitalist mode of production, and specific forms are assumed to its development and in each of its phases. In particular, placed in the center of his theorizing in the two laws of profit studied by K. Marx, which are the engine of capitalist accumulation, namely: the law of the falling rate of profit and to balance the rate of profit, or the tendency to form an average gain. For him - and the risk of simplification in the extreme in this 4
brief note thought so rich - the regulation may be understood as the effective linkage of these two laws of profit, that although different and exposed by Marx in separate Capital, obeyed a single process governed by the law of profit maximization. When the joint of these laws was effective, ie when the counter-down of the rate of profit and the formation of the average profit operating properly, the system, de Bernis, was regulated and reproduction of capital flowed steadily . By contrast, when the effectiveness of these counter-tendencies are exhausted, the average rate of profit fell, and opened a fierce competition among the capitalists, which broke the system of distribution of value based on the average profit. At that time the mode of regulation stopped working and displayed a "great crisis", a process of uncertain duration and output, which involved the destruction and restructuring existing production systems.
Bernis We owe to the proposal that the "great crisis", regardless of their specific differences, go through two phases: an initial inflation and the prevailing trends of the national productive systems to turn to the exterior, and a second deflationary and protectionist, where the brunt of the crisis pushed the nation states to fall back into 8. The reality of capitalism in the last four decades validating the richness of your intuition. The late sixties and the decade of the seventies are examples of the predominance of trends to inflation and the outward projection of the economy, while the eighties - with the external debt crisis as a turning point - represent the beginning of a deflationary phase, different from that expressed during the depression years of Thirty - which leads to the financialisation of the economy and increasing instability, as demonstrated by the various financial crises, systemic scope of so-called emerging countries in the nineties, culminating in the crises that erupt in the hegemonic center of the system: the crisis of technology stocks in 2000 - 2001 and the current global crisis, whose origins are in the banking and credit system U.S. starting in 2007. A purpose of the external debt crisis of 1982, wrote what was perhaps his last major scholarly work, a brilliant text 9 which analyzes the origin of the external debt of countries the periphery, its crisis to the inability of these countries to pay, and the traffic caused this crisis to financial globalization and financial systems to no longer based primarily on bank lending, but in securitized financial systems, based on the bond issue .
9 About now the global crisis hit Europe hard, De Bernis anticipated since 1987, the difficulties that now spans the European Union. was as it were, a Eurosceptic. He believed that the euro unlike other major currencies in developed countries (dollar, pound or yen), I had to support production on a national, let alone a state. The then European Economic Community (EEC), not a production system, but it was a national systems integration firm production by transnational corporations and the governments of the region . Since its European leadership, the integration process was born dominated by Germany, the leading power the region. As stated Gérard :
"(...) The Europe of six, nine, ten (even of the twelve), is not a production system. Of course we can describe all the different production systems countries under the general title of European production system. But this is only a formal exercise. We can not reduce the expression of the productive system to the juxtaposition of a number of capacity (...) The notion of production system postulates the notion of coherence , which is self-sectoral consistency in determining income adjustment procedures exist between the structures of production and consumption " 10 .
And in another work highlighted what were the forces that moved the springs of integration: 6
"No - said - firms from Europe who choose to work at the scale of the EEC, major mergers or capital originating in the EEC countries (...) The states had no ideological reasons that eventually to transfer to Europe some of its powers. And because they behaved in this way, there was no no force related to the implementation of a European production system (...) The EU is a grouping of countries of unequal size and power "(De Bernis, 1987, 1199). 11
In other words the difficulties that Europe now exhibits with the crisis are not new, but reveal genuine problems the EU. If not exist, as posed De Bernis, a European production system, can not prevail no one worthy of the European currency name. In a cash-credit economy of production is capitalism, the productive system and currency can not be separated, since they are part of a single structure. The euro is the new name under which expresses the domination of the strongest countries, starting with Germany the leading power group
Gérard de Bernis always maintained a relationship with the academic world in Mexico and Latin America, in line with its vocation Third. He was in Mexico for the first time in 1977, invited by Angel de la Vega, who served as graduate coordinator of the Faculty of Economics National University of Mexico (UNAM). Later, in the first half of the eighties, at the initiative of Arturo Guillén, De Bernis was present, along with other national and international leading academics in two major conferences organized by the Institute of Economic Research of the UNAM, which gave birth to two two books 12. De Bernis contributions focused on the characterization of the crisis and its development. Subsequently, the academic relationship with Mexico Gerard De Bernis was maintained through Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, due to various proposals for Gregorio Vidal. In 1993, the ISMEA jointly by the Department of Economics Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa and the Faculty of Economics Universidad de Guadalajara (University of Guadalajara), organized the symposium 7
International "For a political alternative: a world of work for all" in the instalaiones U of G in Spring, Mexico. Again we had the participation of a large group of scholars. The document presented by De Bernis is undoubtedly of great relevance for the present 13. Discusses the problem of work for all but the only way is wage labor. Consider the problem of technological progress and the need for systematic programs of job creation and prevents on the progress of deflation as part of crisis work. In this context, even in developed economies show high levels of unemployment, even compatible with a certain level of economic growth.
Halfway through the nineties and beyond, thanks to the initiative of Gregorio Vidal, then Director of the Division of Social Sciences and Humanities that our current academic center, they perform various academic activities with the participation of Gerard de Bernis. Features a seminar on the course of the crisis and the situation in Latin America whose main exponent was Gerard de Bernis. In those years he published the number 38 of the Revista Iztapalapa with the overall theme of Economy and Development, which includes a text by Gerard de Bernis on the experiences of some developing countries regarding the accumulation and sustainable development duo 14 . In 1998, Gerard de Bernis received the award for best article published in the Journal Mexican Development Problems. His text is entitled "Can you think of a periodization of economic thought? And, as in other materials, raised discuss the substance of the theory. states:" the impossibility of the theory remain inderente to the real, suggests thinking about the real fundamentals of the theory of evolution " 15. Drawing from other research that has shown that the history of economic thought is not linear, discusses the relationship between the alternating periods of stability and instability in capitalist economies 8 and evolution of economic thought. The regulation is again a central concept in the analysis.
But perhaps the most important legacy that De Bernis left between us, was his initiative to start development of Euro-Latin Study Network Development Celso Furtado (www.redcelsofurtado.edu.mx). Celso Furtado Network provides the product of a meeting of a large group of academics from Latin America and Europe in Paris in February 1998. Institutionally collaborative effort of the Institute of Economic Research, UNAM, at that time directed by Alicia Girón, Department of Economics at the UAM-Iztapalapa and ISMEA. At that meeting, Gerard de Bernis emphasized the notable absence of the study of development in the academic programs of universities in the developing world. But a growing lack of subject in developing countries. Endorsing the idea that globalization and the triumph markets posed the problem of optimal allocation of resources by this mechanism. The development, according to this idea was no longer a matter of the economy. All this constittuia a totally away from the international economic dynamics and change processes that were occurring in developing countries. Recent changes in the global economy emphasized that development is a project and its realization is a matter of certain social forces. A proposal for De Bernis, the Red took the name of Celso Furtado, the prominent Brazilian economist, with whom Gerard had a long friendship and academic relations. Both had in common, have been students of Maurice Bye. Furtado was in France in the late forties doing his doctoral studies and thesis work was directed by Bye. Furtado was present at that meeting and thereafter until his death, he participated in the curriculum promoted by the Network Network With Celso Furtado was created through academic exchange on development issues between European and Latin American scholars have remained attentive to the processes of change taking place in Latin America and the evolution of the global crisis.
The death of Gérard de Bernis is, as stated Theotonio Dos Santos after learning the news, "a great loss to the contemporary economic thought." Hence, the best we can do who knew him, we draw on their 9 teachings is, as proposed by Rolande Borrelly, the closest colleague of Gérard, the message that told us of his death, "to preserve his memory and to live their thinking."
Mexico City, December 2010
1 Véase al respecto G. Bernis "industrializing industries and content of a policy of regional integration" in Applied Economics. T. XIX, N. 3-4, Paris, 1966, ISMEA. 2
2 Mr. Bye and G. Destanne de Bernis. International Economic Relations. Paris, 1987, Dalloz, 5a. edition.
3 GRREC. Crisis and regulation. Collection of Texts, 1979-1983. Grenoble, 1983, Universidad Pierre Mendes France GRREC there. Crisis and Regulation. Collection of texts 1983-1989. Grenoble, 1991, University Pierre Mendes France.
4 G . De Bernis. "On some concepts needed for the theory of regulation", Economies and Societies, Series Theories of regulation , T. XIX, n. 1, Grenoble, 1985 (January), ISMEA, y G. De Bernis. "The contradictions of international financial relations in the crisis," Economy and Society, Series Theories of regulation , T. XX, n. 3, Grenoble, 1988 (mayo), ISMEA.
5 G . de Bernis. Contemporary capitalism. Mexico, 1988, Editorial Nuestro Tiempo.
6 G. De Bernis. "Reading Guide" in Contemporary Capitalism, Mexico, 1988, Editorial Nuestro Tiempo, pp. 17-80
7 De Bernis text is presented on an early version at the Institute of Economics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in January 1977. In 1977 he published G. De Bernis. "Régulation analyze ou dans l'équilibre économique", in L'idée de régulation dans les sciences , sous la direction de G. Gadoffre, A. Lichnerowicz et F. Perroux, Paris, 1977, Maloin, pp. 85-101. The book is the result of presentations at the College de France (Collège de France).
8 G . de Bernis. "Reading Guide" in Contemporary capitalism. Ob. Cit. p. 232. 5
9 G. de Bernis. "De l'urgence of abandonné the dette of peripheries" Economies et Sociétés N. 37, Paris, 2000, ISMEA. No translation into English and Arturo Vidal Gregorio Guillen. "In the urgency to leave the debts of the peripheries Rethinking development theory in the context of globalization. Homenaje a Celso Furtado. Buenos Aires, 2007, CLACSO
10 G . de Bernis. "Reading Guide." Ob. cit. p. 262.
11 G . M. de Bernis and Bye. Relations Économiques Internationales Ob cit. p. 1199.
12 A . Aguilar, P. Boccara and G. Bernis et al. Nature of the current crisis. Mexico, 1986 and G. de Bernis, B. Fine, A. Guillén et al. The current phase of capitalism, Mexico, 1985, Editorial Nuestro Tiempo.
13 The text was reissued recently in: G. De Bernis. "For an alternative policy: Work for everyone everywhere in the World" in Wave Financial, Section Classics, no. 4. Mexico, 2009, Economic Research Institute and Faculty of Economics, UNAM, pp. 191-206.
14 G . De Bernis, "Sustainable development and accumulation: Are South conclusive experiences? In Iztapalapa, Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities , year 16, no. 38, Mexico, 1996, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, pp. 91-128.
15 G . De Bernis. "Can you think of a periodization of economic thought?" Journal Development Problems, vol. 28, no. 110, Mexico, 1997 (July-September), Institute of Economic Research, UNAM, pp. 43-85.

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CONTINUED ON LOS ESTUDIOS LA LA THEORY OF DEPENDENCE.

STUDENT: SILVIA RODRIGUEZ LAURA

ID: 20,993,245

SUBJECT: ANNUAL THESIS SEMINAR

TEACHER: GUSTAVO GUEVARA

PROJECT OF THESIS

Topic: The Crisis of the capitalist system 1975: final unannounced History .

Critical analysis of current neo-Marxist within the dependency school: Vania Bambirra, Theotonio Dos Santos and Ruy Mauro Marini .

the deep crisis in Latin America can not be resolved within capitalism. Or is moving steadily towards revolutionary socialism and opened a path of development and progress for the broad masses of our country, or appeals to fascist barbarism, only able to secure the capital conditions for political survival some time for it to continue its development dependent based on the super of workers, the denationalization of our economy, the exclusion of vast sections of the petty bourgeoisie, the export venture the detriment of domestic mass consumption. Such a "development economic "may only be imposed based on the most barbarous tyranny" (¹)

When thinking about these words of Theotonio dos Santos and watch the process since year 1975 to present, in Latin America, opens a big question about forecast was not. A forecast could not imagine the continuity in time of crisis capitalist system without a final resolution, and could not risk the possibility of the emergence of a new pattern systemic accumulation, which overcome the recession. Nor could contemplate the idea of \u200b\u200bdependent capitalist development in Latin America monopoly within democratic regimes, without falling into the exclusive option of: Socialism or Fascism. Again the question is why and here focuses the objective of this research, which seeks to understand the theoretical evolution of the School of the Unit and in particular the group called "radical" or neo-Marxist, made by that Theotonio dos Santos, Ruy Mauro Marini and Vania Bambirra, who advanced deeper into the study of the contradictions of capitalist development and monopoly dependent, resulting in the blocking the development of productive forces in Latin America and the significance of dependence not as an external imposition but as a relationship formed by condition two external faces and internal . On that basis, posed the impossibility of autonomous capitalist development, because the hegemonic distribution in the world and was established as the internal structure of our countries, was set in a subordinate position. Was

(¹) Theotonio dos Santos, "Imperialism and dependency" (Mexico, Ediciones Era, 1978) p. 471.

structural change needed to overcome dependency, as this would produce a continuous process of stagnation, which paid for the political circumstances, could radicalize both right, as left.

The end of history, is well known and today we see as our countries grow, the inequality, because the system is developed, taking fracturante behavior in society: on one hand a minority with high incomes and consumption patterns consistent with the central and the other with a large majority little or no income to bid for survival. Today we see that U.S. made up its hegemonic role, and even some scientists speak of recolonization. Today we see that the production model for large transnationals, no longer think of subsidiaries that manufacture for the domestic market of the country they are guests, but the decomposition of the production process, which locates in country areas more advanced activities identified and most backward countries, work in series, drawing on his behalf differences in productivity and wages. Once again the capitalist system has morphed, developing a new stage in the internationalization of capital , now has global scale and is called "globalization", overcoming the crisis, thanks to the rebuilding of profit rate, with a new form of regulation called post-Fordist, where production and consumption not intended to reach the mass where manufacturing is specialized to be targeted at market segments with high incomes, without geographic boundaries.

What happened between the International Crisis 1975 and the rise that began in 1994, some keys are likely to find on what happened during those years, where function defeat in the mobilization of the working class in Latin America and installation of de facto regimes, opened the door for greater economic subordination, through the deepening of the mechanism of debt, which led to successive military governments as both are democratic, not only to transfer resources abroad continuously, but to introduce economic reforms demanded international financial institutions, which pointed to the unrestricted opening at the expense of domestic industry and in favor international corporations, as well as the dismantling State, while protecting social security and employer, under the excuse of being deficient and inefficient. Ultimately it was in Latin America, where after the political defeat of popular mobilization, it installs a cultural defeat, as the doctrine of "no alternative" created by neoliberalism, means that the social (health, housing, education) commodified. Those areas that a few decades ago were protected by the State, of the contradictions of capitalism, today measured by the criterion of profitability. In summary we believe that de facto regimes opened the way for greater vulnerability not only from economic openness, but also consolidating the defeat of Labor by Capital, as workers were losing bargaining power first because of political persecution and repression then through labor flexibility, and finally from the addition of automation technologies that reduced the number of jobs and whose ultimate effect was the generate a social discipline. Once the vulnerability deepened by debt, deindustrialization , And labor flexibility, the policy could therefore be dictatorial, as democratic as the economic subordination was implemented and appeared as an independent sphere of politics.

Our work aims to track these key moments that explain the improvement of the International Crisis Capitalist System in 1975 and entry into a new phase, from particular study processes Argentina, Chile and Brazil, seeking to establish more clearly the strengths and weaknesses Analytical neo-Marxist theorists of the dependency.

STATE OF AFFAIRS:

The so-called School of the Unit, comprising a many authors, who

share some basic ideas and see the development / underdevelopment, while two sides of the same process; dependence phenomenon internal / external and underdevelopment connected with the expansion of industrialized countries and not previous stage to evolve.

Overall is a classification proposed by the authors and Hettne Blomstrom, whereby could be grouped into three lines:

- Structuralist: pose of which revolve around the diagnosis of the causes of underdevelopment in Latin America and the proposal of limitations for independent development. In this group we find: Osvaldo Sunkel, Celso Furtado, Henrique Cardoso,

- neomarxists: their research will toward understanding the causes of dependent development and monopoly and the need for structural change to resolve the crisis that this type of system generates. Here we can name: Vania Bambirra, Theotonio dos Santos and Ruy Mauro Marini.

- work Ander Gunder Frank, that if it does not fall within Marxism, has in common with neo-Marxists, especially in analysis of capitalism in Latin America (complementary) and generator development and underdevelopment. The big difference is that the posing of Gunder Frank, trapped in the central country schema / satellite country, unable to advance the concept of dependence and its root conditioning.

In our research, we focus within the radical or neo-Marxist group, whose works can be find some basic guidelines. For Theotonio dos Santos, his research, advanced in the context economic cycles of the capitalist system (whose origin crawled in Kondratieff), the study of multinational deeper understanding monopoly capitalism, supported by the work of Baran and Sweezy. At the same time ran the contradictions of monopoly development, scoring a major the fact that the productive base capitalism becomes increasingly international, while the market and state , starting points for development are limited to national frameworks.

On the other hand, left raised the combined and uneven character of this system., Which generates a surplus transfer to the most dynamic centers, which accentuates the world system cycle and generates the development of a the detriment of others. Their work continues in this line, to reach the concept of dependence, a cornerstone of the neo-Marxist group that is understood as a proper relationship of a particular historical moment in the global economy, which determines the internal structure of a country, which in once redefined in terms of their potential for expansion, which always ultimately involves a blockage in the development of productive forces. In particular, the study of Latin American economies , is approached by Dos Santos, both from the export sector, as from domestic industrial .

His whole frame analytical concludes with the view that development of monopoly capitalism and dependent leads to end a crisis within that same system whose contradictions can be exacerbated or not, depending expansionary or recessionary phase of the global economy. Therefore and this agree Dos Santos, Marini and Bambirra, it is necessary to overcome dependency, independent development of Latin America and the settlement of political and economic subordination.

On Ruy Mauro Marini, one of the central works, is about to unravel the "secret exchange unequal, as the core countries exchanged goodwill on high productivity, by absolute surplus with low productivity and super. Here is one of the most important contributions, which joins the explanation of why the development invented the underdevelopment because Latin American specialization in food and raw materials allowed Europe's industrial specialization and the establishment of its axis accumulation in growth of relative surplus value.

From the political debate is important to highlight the concepts discussed Marini, the characterization fascist coups in Latin America during the '60s. This author tries to establish basic differences with the fascist state of the 40's, while not seeking the support of the masses, or form movement superior containing society as a whole. Basically according to opinion establishing a " counterinsurgency State, understood as the corporate state monopoly of the bourgeoisie and the armed forces , under a process of change of the middle class dominant and monopolistic fractions that are domestic and foreign, who will lead the process and are unable of alliance with other classes of product characteristics assumed new type of accumulation., because it does not include as the "Populist State" to the society as a whole (although less is unevenly). The State of Counterinsurgency, it should be understood not only from changes in the bourgeoisie, but since the rise that had been made in the mass struggle, within a new context class alliances: monopoly bourgeoisie-FFAA / Small bourgeoisie-working class. The latter analysis is rich in both incarnation gives the class struggle and has points of contact with the proposals of William O'Donnell, referring the "hegemonic tie" between the alliance offensive / defensive, that breaks new with military dictatorships and the establishment of a new mode of accumulation.

THEORETICAL

The proposed topic will be addressed, from the conception of historical materialism, to define a History of economic ideas about the Development, Crisis and the emergence of a new pattern of accumulation In the capitalist system, from the 70's. To this end, we start from the work done by the current neo-Marxist, comprising Bambirra, Dos Santos and Marini, who give us a very rich in ; regarding the perception of the depth of the crisis, whose character is defined as systemic and international, while advancing on the analysis of the form taken in societies Latin American subsidiaries.

The study will seek to work from the face theoretical and practical Latin American social reality. For the theoretical analysis and in order to achieve greater understanding of the developmental characteristics of the capitalist system and its crisis, will incorporate the analysis of Paul Sweezy about it, that leaves the question raised on the collapse or chronic depression , but ultimately, always viewed as an impediment to the development of the productive forces of society. Coupled with this, take the "Theory Long Waves", with its different phases, as the political and economic processes to study in Argentina, Chile and Brazil, show an interesting sync with the 1967-1975 phase of the cycle.

also from Marxism, but in particular from the Gramscian thought, take the concept of "Hegemony " that allows us to advance on a few meanings central to our work, as "hegemonic role " while the role of U.S. in the international economy. As well as the "hegemonic Tie" between the various class alliances, where any does impose itself on the other, but only hinder the project otherwise. This approach, which was developed in work Guillermo O'Donnell, I think is interesting, to see where the countries studied, as he did and how it was overcome the situation of a tie, from the break that led to military coups in the countries concerned.

Finally from the field of political analysis, derrick see the definition of Socialism and Fascism from the neo-Marxist group, as the likely alternatives are that they pose, to the radicalization of the crisis of 1975.